برنامه نویسی شی گرا برای میکروکنترلر ها (بخش یکم)

#include <cstdint>
#include "mcal_reg.h"
class led
{
public:
    // Use convenient class-specific typedefs.
    typedef std::uint8_t port_type;
    typedef std::uint8_t bval_type;
    // The led class constructor.
    led(const port_type p,
        const bval_type b) : port(p),
                             bval(b)
    {
        // Set the port pin value to low.
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(port) &= static_cast<bval_type>(~bval);
        // Set the port pin direction to output.
        // Note that the address of the port direction
        // register is one less than the address
        // of the port value register.
        const port_type pdir = port - 1U;
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(pdir) |= bval;
    }

    void on() const
    {
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(port) |= bval;
    }

    void off() const
    {
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(port) &= ~bval;
    }

    void toggle() const
    {
        // Toggle the LED via direct memory access.
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(port) ^= bval;
    }

private:

    // Private member variables of the class.
    const port_type port;
    const bval_type bval;
};

namespace

{

    // Create led_b5 on portb.5.
    const led led_b5{
        mcal::reg::portb,
        mcal::reg::bval5};
}

int main()

{
    // Toggle led_b5 in a loop forever.
    for (;;)
    {
        led_b5.toggle();
    }
}

led(const port_type p,

        const bval_type b) : port(p),
                             bval(b)
    {
        // Set the port pin value to low.
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(port) &= static_cast<bval_type>(~bval);
        // Set the port pin direction to output.
        // Note that the address of the port direction
        // register is one less than the address
        // of the port value register.
        const port_type pdir = port - 1U;
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(pdir) |= bval;
    }

*reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(port) |= bval;

*((volatile bval_type*) port) ^= bval;

    void on()
    {
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(port) |= bval;
    }

    void off()
    {
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(port) &= ~bval;
    }

    void toggle() const
    {
        // Toggle the LED via direct memory access.
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(port) ^= bval;
    }

#include <cstdint>
#include "mcal_reg.h"
class led
{
public:
    // Use convenient class-specific typedefs.
    typedef std::uint8_t port_type;
    typedef std::uint8_t bval_type;
    // The led class constructor.
    led(const port_type p,
        const bval_type b) : port(p),
                             bval(b)
    {
        // Set the port pin value to low.
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(port) &= static_cast<bval_type>(~bval);
        // Set the port pin direction to output.
        // Note that the address of the port direction
        // register is one less than the address
        // of the port value register.
        const port_type pdir = port - 1U;
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(pdir) |= bval;
    }

    void on() const
    {
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(port) |= bval;
    }

    void off() const
    {
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(port) &= ~bval;
    }

    void toggle() const
    {
        // Toggle the LED via direct memory access.
        *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type *>(port) ^= bval;
    }

private:

    // Private member variables of the class.
    const port_type port;
    const bval_type bval;
};

namespace
{
    // Create led_b5 on portb.5.
		{
      0x25, // Address of portb.
		0x20 // Bit-value of portb.5.
		};
}

int main()

{
    // Toggle led_b5 in a loop forever.
    for (;;)
    {
        led_b5.toggle();
    }
}

namespace mcal
{
    // Compile-time constant register addresses.
    namespace reg
    {
        // The address of portb.
        constexpr std::uint8_t portb = 0x25U;
        // The values of bit0 through bit7.
        constexpr std::uint8_t bval0 = 1U;
        constexpr std::uint8_t bval1 = 1U << 1U;
        constexpr std::uint8_t bval2 = 1U << 2U;
        constexpr std::uint8_t bval3 = 1U << 3U;
        constexpr std::uint8_t bval4 = 1U << 4U;
        constexpr std::uint8_t bval5 = 1U << 5U;
        constexpr std::uint8_t bval6 = 1U << 6U;
        constexpr std::uint8_t bval7 = 1U << 7U;
    }
}